引言近年来，随着房地产市场的深度调整，建筑玻璃深加工企业向家装定制化门窗用玻璃转型。由于家装系统门窗或定制化门窗产品属于个人定制产品，相关配套的产品标准被终端用户所忽略，超标准的零缺陷质量要求越来越高，超越产品属性的要求相对较多，中空玻璃丁基胶内溢也逐渐成为新增的投诉热点。要解决中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的问题，首先要对中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的典型案例进行剖析，了解造成中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的根源，从生产、贮存、运输、安装、使用维护等环节找到解决问题的办法，从而减少或杜绝中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的发生。中空玻璃的密封结构中空玻璃的结构是由两片或多片玻璃、间隔条、干燥剂、丁基热熔密封胶、外道密封胶组合到一体，形成一个完整的中空玻璃结构密封系统。玻璃为主材，间隔条、干燥剂、丁基胶、外道胶为辅材。

　　Introduction: In recent years, with the deep adjustment of the real estate market, architectural glass deep processing enterprises have transformed towards customized glass for home decoration doors and windows. Due to the fact that home decoration system doors and windows or customized door and window products belong to individual customized products, the related supporting product standards are ignored by end users. The zero defect quality requirements beyond the standards are becoming increasingly high, and there are relatively more requirements beyond product attributes. The overflow of butyl rubber in insulated glass has gradually become a new complaint hotspot. To solve the problem of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, it is necessary to first analyze typical cases of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, understand the root causes of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, and find solutions from production, storage, transportation, installation, use and maintenance to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass. The sealing structure of insulating glass is composed of two or more pieces of glass, spacer strips, desiccants, butyl hot melt sealant, and outer sealant combined into one, forming a complete sealing system for the insulating glass structure. Glass is the main material, with spacer strips, desiccants, butyl rubber, and outer adhesive as auxiliary materials.

　　这些材料在中空玻璃制造应用过程中分别承担着不同的功能作用，间隔条使得两片玻璃之间中空腔体厚度保持一致性；干燥剂吸附着中空玻璃日常应用过程中渗入腔体内的湿气，确保腔体内的空气长期干燥；丁基热熔密封胶是中空玻璃密封最佳的第一道密封胶，水蒸气透过率[g（/m2·d）]≤0.8，因此，丁基热熔密封胶在中空玻璃密封结构中起到密封作用；外道密封胶，俗称二道胶，其主要功能是中空玻璃的结构固定胶，协助第一道密封胶阻挡水气渗入。但由于自身分子结构的不同，产品层次不同，二道密封胶水蒸气透过率[g（/ m2·d）]在3～25之间，第二道胶在中空玻璃服役运行过程中起到密封结构的固定作用。

　　These materials play different functional roles in the manufacturing and application of insulating glass, and the spacer strip ensures consistency in the thickness of the hollow cavity between the two glass sheets; Desiccant absorbs moisture that seeps into the cavity of insulated glass during daily use, ensuring that the air inside the cavity remains dry for a long time; Butyl hot melt sealant is the best first sealant for sealing insulating glass, with a water vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] ≤ 0.8. Therefore, butyl hot melt sealant plays a sealing role in the sealing structure of insulating glass; External sealant, commonly known as secondary sealant, is mainly used as a structural fixing adhesive for insulated glass, assisting the first sealant in blocking the infiltration of moisture. However, due to the different molecular structures and product levels, the vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] of the second sealing adhesive is between 3 and 25. The second adhesive plays a role in fixing the sealing structure during the service and operation of the insulating glass.

　　热熔丁基密封胶热熔丁基密封胶是以聚异丁烯、丁基橡胶配以少量的辅料，经过高温、捏合、真空搅拌而制成。丁基胶在中空玻璃的主要起到密封的作用，具有阻挡水汽渗透、惰性气体泄漏的能力（年水汽渗透率：0.5～1g），在密封胶当中是一款密封性能良好的产品。中空玻璃使用过程中其形体不允许固定，在中空玻璃有效使用期内丁基胶必须具备因环境温度、气压、风荷载变化时中空玻璃热胀冷缩呼吸运动的拉伸和回弹，确保中空玻璃腔体的连续不间断密封。因此，根据要求它必须具有永久塑性和优良的耐候性。热熔丁基密封胶内溢典型案例近年来，随着新建公共建筑的大面积缩水，既有建筑改造定制门窗、系统门窗的应用逐渐增多，系统门窗、定制化门窗对中空玻璃的外观质量也要求越来越高，甚至超标准的零缺陷质量要求。定制门窗用玻璃产品的标准不被引用，玻璃板面无限增大，中空腔体大到30mm以上，丁基胶用量减少到3g/延米双边，忽略了腔体厚度的节能效果和密封性能，一味地追求外观质量，造成以减少丁基胶用量来避免丁基胶内溢的不良现象。内溢原因分析及改善建议

　　Hot melt butyl sealant is made by mixing polyisobutene and butyl rubber with a small amount of auxiliary materials, and then subjecting them to high temperature, kneading, and vacuum stirring. Butyl rubber mainly plays a sealing role in insulating glass, with the ability to block water vapor penetration and inert gas leakage (annual water vapor permeability: 0.5-1g). It is a product with good sealing performance among sealants. During the use of insulated glass, its shape is not allowed to be fixed. During the effective use period of insulated glass, butyl rubber must have the ability to stretch and rebound due to changes in environmental temperature, air pressure, and wind load, ensuring continuous and uninterrupted sealing of the insulated glass cavity. Therefore, according to the requirements, it must have permanent plasticity and excellent weather resistance. In recent years, with the large-scale shrinkage of newly built public buildings, the application of customized doors and windows and system doors and windows for building renovation has gradually increased. The appearance quality of insulated glass for system doors and windows and customized doors and windows is also increasingly required, even exceeding the standard zero defect quality requirement. The standard for customized glass products for doors and windows is not referenced. The glass surface is infinitely enlarged, and the hollow cavity is larger than 30mm. The amount of butyl rubber used is reduced to 3g/linear meter on both sides, ignoring the energy-saving effect and sealing performance of the cavity thickness. The blind pursuit of appearance quality results in reducing the amount of butyl rubber used to avoid the adverse phenomenon of butyl rubber overflow. Analysis of the causes of internal overflow and improvement suggestions

　　客户要求因素分析按照中空玻璃的应用属性，丁基胶板压后要适当留白，＜1mm，确保中空玻璃丁基胶有一定的伸缩移动空间。而家装市场外观质量要求必须是压满铝条不允许留白，不留任何丁基胶伸缩移变空间，所以中空玻璃上墙后会随温度、气压、风荷载的变化而做呼吸运动，造成丁基胶形体超出间隔条不受控制而产生内溢（图2）。

　　Customer requirement factor analysis: According to the application properties of insulating glass, the butyl rubber plate should be appropriately left blank after compression, less than 1mm, to ensure that the butyl rubber of the insulating glass has a certain degree of expansion and movement space. The appearance quality requirements of the home decoration market must be that the aluminum strip is fully pressed without leaving any blank space, and there is no room for expansion or displacement of the butyl rubber. Therefore, after the insulating glass is installed on the wall, it will undergo breathing motion with changes in temperature, air pressure, and wind load, causing the butyl rubber to exceed the spacing strip and overflow uncontrollably (Figure 2).

　　生产因素分析依照国标《中空玻璃》（GB/T 11944-2012）标准要求，玻璃生产厂家主要是围绕中空玻璃的密封性能进行质量控制。同时，通过丁基胶用量偏大，涂布偏上，角部折弯处用胶量偏多来避免中空玻璃铝条不露白，忽略了后期贮存、包装、运输、安装、中空玻璃呼吸运动，造成的中空玻璃丁基胶内溢问题发生（图2、图3）。改善建议：

　　Production factor analysis: According to the requirements of the national standard "Hollow Glass" (GB/T 11944-2012), glass manufacturers mainly focus on quality control of the sealing performance of hollow glass. At the same time, by using too much butyl rubber, coating too high, and using too much glue at the corners and bends, the aluminum strip of the insulated glass is not exposed, ignoring the later storage, packaging, transportation, installation, and breathing movement of the insulated glass, which causes the problem of butyl rubber overflow in the insulated glass (Figure 2, Figure 3). Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）接单时要依据中空玻璃标准同客户进行沟通，避免发生问题后产生投诉。

　　(1) When accepting orders, it is necessary to communicate with customers according to the standard of insulated glass to avoid complaints after problems occur.

　　（2）间隔条一般肩宽4.2～4.5mm，生产时丁基胶涂布宽度3～3.5mm，板压后丁基胶宽度应控制在4mm以内，腔体厚度要在标准范围之内（例如：12A中空层，铝条厚度是11.5mm，涂布丁基胶板压后中空层厚度应为12mm），适当留白＜0.5～1mm，避免后期中空玻璃使用期间发生丁基胶内溢。

　　(2) The shoulder width of the spacer strip is generally 4.2-4.5mm. During production, the width of the butyl rubber coating is 3-3.5mm. After the board is pressed, the width of the butyl rubber should be controlled within 4mm, and the thickness of the cavity should be within the standard range (for example: 12A hollow layer, the thickness of the aluminum strip is 11.5mm, and the thickness of the hollow layer after the butyl rubber coating is pressed should be 12mm). Leave appropriate blank space<0.5-1mm to avoid internal overflow of the butyl rubber during the later use of the insulated glass.

　　（3）丁基胶涂布应均匀连续，角部接口处要将胶头胶尾依据直边厚度搭接连续完整，多余的丁基胶捏于折弯压扁的铝条背部，避免角部捏胶不连续造成中空玻璃密封失效，或角部丁基胶偏厚造成丁基胶内溢。

　　(3) The application of butyl rubber should be uniform and continuous. At the corner interface, the rubber head and tail should be overlapped continuously and completely according to the thickness of the straight edge. The excess butyl rubber should be pinched on the back of the bent and flattened aluminum strip to avoid the failure of the hollow glass seal caused by discontinuous pinching at the corner, or the overflow of butyl rubber caused by excessive thickness at the corner.

　　贮存、包装、运输因素分析贮存：成品后的中空玻璃外道胶尚未固化，落架大片压小片、玻璃堆架不是90度等因素都会造成丁基胶局部内溢或中空玻璃错片。包装：外道胶未固化之前打包带过紧长期挤压，木箱包装大压小、垫片不均匀或垫片只垫在边部、角部，均会造成丁基胶局部内溢（图3）。运输：玻璃运输过程中，为了避免道路颠簸或急刹车造成玻璃架移动的现象发生，往往固定绳过紧或固定绳单点压玻璃也会造成丁基胶局部内溢。改善建议：

　　Analysis of Storage, Packaging, and Transportation Factors Storage: The outer layer adhesive of the finished insulated glass has not yet cured, and factors such as large pieces falling off the shelf and pressing small pieces, and glass stacking not at a 90 degree angle can cause local overflow of butyl rubber or misalignment of the insulated glass. Packaging: Before the outer layer of adhesive is cured, if the packaging tape is too tight and compressed for a long time, or if the wooden box packaging is compressed too much, the gasket is uneven, or the gasket is only placed at the edges and corners, it will cause local internal overflow of butyl rubber (Figure 3). Transportation: During the transportation of glass, in order to avoid the phenomenon of glass frame movement caused by road bumps or sudden braking, the fixing rope is often too tight or the fixing rope presses the glass at a single point, which can also cause local overflow of butyl rubber. Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）中空玻璃外道胶未固化之前落架应采取先大后小的顺序落架堆放，避免大压小单点受力造成局部丁基胶内溢；玻璃堆架一定要玻璃上下均匀受力堆放在夹角90°的标准铁架上，避免因角度不符使一片玻璃腾空造成玻璃错片产生的丁基胶移位内溢。

　　(1) Before the outer layer of insulating glass adhesive is cured, it should be placed on the frame in the order of large to small to avoid local overflow of butyl adhesive caused by single point stress under high pressure; The glass stack must be evenly loaded on a standard iron frame with an angle of 90 °, to avoid displacement and overflow of butyl rubber caused by glass misalignment due to the misalignment of a piece of glass.

　　（2）外道胶未固化之前不能打包带过紧或进行木箱包装，待外道胶彻底固化后方可进行木箱包装，包装顺序均要是先大后小的方式进行；铁架发货的玻璃，尽量在装车前打包，打包带要避免单点受力，有条件的话可定制三角木板架打包，避免因打包带过紧单点局部受力造成丁基胶局部内溢。

　　(2) Before the outer layer of glue is cured, it cannot be packed tightly or packed in wooden boxes. Wooden box packaging can only be carried out after the outer layer of glue is completely cured, and the packaging order should be from large to small; Glass shipped from iron frames should be packed as much as possible before loading, and the packing tape should avoid single point stress. If possible, a triangular wooden frame can be customized for packing to avoid local overflow of butyl rubber caused by tight packing tape and single point local stress.

　　（3）运输时尽量避免固定绳挤压玻璃，当遇到大玻璃运输固定绳压玻璃时一定要采用长度不小于300mm的三角木板架或三角钢板架衬垫然后再拉紧固定绳；玻璃运到目的地后如果长时间不安装，尽量把打包带拆开或放松，避免长时间打包带局部挤压造成丁基胶内溢。

　　(3) During transportation, try to avoid using fixed ropes to compress the glass. When encountering large glass transportation where the fixed ropes compress the glass, be sure to use triangular wooden or steel plate frames with a length of not less than 300mm to cushion and then tighten the fixed ropes; If the glass is not installed for a long time after being transported to the destination, try to open or loosen the packing tape as much as possible to avoid the overflow of butyl rubber caused by local compression of the packing tape for a long time.

　　安装因素分析隐框幕墙安装时，压块过紧，易造成中空玻璃在使用过程中丁基胶局部内溢和玻璃影像变形。门窗玻璃安装时，不能为了防止玻璃颤动，一味地强力夹紧玻璃，不预留物体热胀空间，导致后期因受热膨胀，丁基胶被挤压变形而内溢。改善建议：

　　Analysis of installation factors: When installing hidden frame curtain walls, if the pressure block is too tight, it can easily cause local overflow of butyl rubber and deformation of glass images during the use of insulated glass. When installing door and window glass, it is not advisable to forcefully clamp the glass without reserving space for thermal expansion in order to prevent glass vibration. This may cause the butyl rubber to be squeezed and deformed due to thermal expansion in the later stage, resulting in internal overflow. Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）安装时，注意玻璃压块、窗框扣条、密封胶条的松紧度适中。

　　(1) During installation, pay attention to the moderate tightness of glass pressure blocks, window frame fasteners, and sealing strips.

　　（2）玻璃的板面大小、厚度要通过强度、挠度进行专业计算，按照安全玻璃的设计规范设计和生产，避免因玻璃板面过大、厚度偏薄而引起的中空影像变形或玻璃颤动。

　　(2) The size and thickness of the glass surface should be professionally calculated based on strength and deflection, and designed and produced according to the design specifications of safety glass to avoid hollow image deformation or glass vibration caused by the glass surface being too large or too thin.

　　气候、海拔高度因素分析

　　Analysis of Climate and Altitude Factors

　　（1）气候温度因素分析中空玻璃在日常使用过程中，由于受环境温度变化的影响，会出现热胀冷缩呼吸运动。在密闭的中空腔内气体在气体分子数量不变的情况下，每一个气体分子的体积会随着温度的变化产生膨胀或收缩。当使用时的温度高于生产时的温度时，中空玻璃会产生膨胀，低于生产时的温度时中空玻璃会产生收缩，在气体膨胀或收缩时，玻璃片会产生向外或向内的挠曲变形。用于内道密封的丁基胶属于永久塑性的柔性材料，而硬质间隔条属于刚性材料。当中空玻璃不断挠曲变形挤压的作用下，丁基胶则会向腔体内侧蠕动并产生剥离或内溢（图5）。

　　(1) Analysis of Climate and Temperature Factors: During daily use, insulated glass may experience thermal expansion, contraction, and breathing movements due to the influence of environmental temperature changes. In a closed hollow chamber, the volume of each gas molecule will expand or contract with temperature changes, while the number of gas molecules remains constant. When the temperature during use is higher than that during production, the insulating glass will expand, and when the temperature is lower than that during production, the insulating glass will shrink. During gas expansion or contraction, the glass sheet will undergo outward or inward bending deformation. The butyl rubber used for internal sealing is a permanent plastic flexible material, while the hard spacer strip is a rigid material. Under the continuous bending, deformation, and compression of the insulating glass, the butyl rubber will creep towards the inside of the cavity and peel off or overflow (Figure 5).

　　（2）风荷载因素分析以尺寸为1.5m×2.4m，厚度为8mm+12A+8mm的钢化中空玻璃为例，在50m标高风荷载作用下，玻璃挠度计算值为7.47mm，玻璃的形变明显，对丁基胶产生挤压作用，变形越大作用力越大，丁基胶内溢越明显。

　　(2) The analysis of wind load factors takes tempered insulating glass with a size of 1.5m × 2.4m and a thickness of 8mm+12A+8mm as an example. Under the action of wind load at an elevation of 50m, the calculated deflection of the glass is 7.47mm. The deformation of the glass is obvious, which exerts a squeezing effect on the butyl rubber. The larger the deformation, the greater the force, and the more obvious the overflow of the butyl rubber.

　　（3）海拔高度因素分析中空玻璃的生产地与使用地存在海拔差异，大气压力发生变化，中空腔内外气压差造成中空玻璃腔体膨胀或收缩，亦会导致丁基胶内溢（图5）。综上所述，造成丁基胶内溢原因较多，生产、储存、运输、安装中均要特别注意。除可控因素外，中空玻璃丁基胶由于固有的永久塑性，按照中空玻璃密封结构要求，丁基胶要具备永久塑性，其形体是不允许固定的，它必须要具备随着中空玻璃的呼吸运动能拉伸和回弹，确保中空玻璃密封系统永久保持稳定。如果中空玻璃生产时控制不好丁基胶用量或板压后不适当留白、中空层腔体厚度不标准，包装、运输、安装挤压过紧，中空玻璃使用过程中在高温、高压作用下，均会随着玻璃的运动产生丁基胶向中空层腔体内蠕动，导致中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的现象发生。解决中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的方案丁基胶内溢问题，虽属于正常现象，但也是行业痛点及投诉焦点。各原材料厂家和科研机构，为了满足客户不断对高质量产品的要求，一直致力于研发新的防内溢结构丁基胶和复合材料产品。

　　(3) Analysis of altitude factors: There is a difference in altitude between the production and use areas of insulated glass, and atmospheric pressure changes. The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hollow cavity causes expansion or contraction of the insulated glass cavity, which can also lead to overflow of butyl rubber (Figure 5). In summary, there are many reasons for the overflow of butyl rubber, and special attention should be paid to production, storage, transportation, and installation. In addition to controllable factors, due to its inherent permanent plasticity, butyl rubber for insulating glass must have permanent plasticity according to the requirements of the sealing structure of insulating glass. Its shape is not allowed to be fixed, and it must have the ability to stretch and rebound with the breathing movement of the insulating glass to ensure that the sealing system of the insulating glass remains stable permanently. If the amount of butyl rubber used in the production of insulated glass is not controlled properly or the blank space is not properly left after board pressing, the thickness of the hollow layer cavity is not standardized, and the packaging, transportation, and installation are compressed too tightly, during the use of insulated glass under high temperature and high pressure, butyl rubber will creep into the hollow layer cavity with the movement of the glass, resulting in the phenomenon of butyl rubber overflowing inside the insulated glass. The solution to the problem of butyl rubber overflow in insulated glass is a normal phenomenon, but it is also a pain point and complaint focus in the industry. Various raw material manufacturers and research institutions have been committed to developing new anti overflow structural butyl rubber and composite material products to meet customers' continuous demands for high-quality products.

　　丁基胶内溢与丁基胶永久塑性相关，所以只有改变传统丁基胶+刚性间隔条的密封方式，才能从源头上解决丁基胶内溢的问题。热塑性间隔密封胶（Thermo Plastic Spacing Sealant），简称TPSS，是以多种聚合物为基材，含有干燥剂等材料制成的，经加热挤出涂覆成型，具有间隔支撑、干燥、化学交联等功能。玻璃通过清洗→涂覆成型→充气合片→板压→注胶等工序即可完成整个中空玻璃的成品生产。间隔条宽窄可随机自动调整，生产异形、挖缺、点玻均可自动化生产，无需人员参与，大大降低了人为出错的几率，产品质量一致性非常稳定。它替代了普通中空玻璃的丁基胶+刚性间隔条+分子筛（图6）。

　　The overflow of butyl rubber is related to the permanent plasticity of butyl rubber, so only by changing the traditional sealing method of butyl rubber+rigid spacer strip can the problem of butyl rubber overflow be solved from the source. Thermo Plastic Spacing Sealant, abbreviated as TPSS, is made of various polymers as substrates, containing desiccants and other materials. It is formed by heating, extrusion coating, and has functions such as spacing support, drying, and chemical cross-linking. The production of the entire insulated glass product can be completed through processes such as cleaning, coating and forming, inflating and laminating, plate pressing, and glue injection. The width of the spacing strip can be randomly and automatically adjusted, and the production of irregular shapes, defects, and point glass can be automated without the need for personnel participation, greatly reducing the probability of human errors and ensuring stable product quality consistency. It replaces the butyl rubber+rigid spacer strip+molecular sieve of ordinary insulating glass (Figure 6).

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶TPSS-R是间隔支撑、干燥、密封融为一体的新型中空材料，具有硬质间隔条的支撑功能，还具有干燥剂的水分吸附能力，水蒸气透过率[g（/m2·d）]≤0.5。同时，它还具有化学交联功能，能够与玻璃、外道胶产生三面化学交联，形成一个相对稳定的中空玻璃结构密封系统，阻挡腔体内氩气泄漏和外部水气渗入。选用合适兼容、交联的外道胶，就能够确保中空玻璃整个密封系统的长效密封。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant TPSS-R is a new type of hollow material that integrates spacer support, drying, and sealing. It has the support function of hard spacer strips and the moisture adsorption ability of desiccants. The water vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] is ≤ 0.5. At the same time, it also has chemical cross-linking function, which can produce three sided chemical cross-linking with glass and outer adhesive, forming a relatively stable hollow glass structure sealing system, blocking the leakage of argon gas inside the cavity and the infiltration of external water vapor. By selecting a suitable compatible and cross-linked outer layer adhesive, the long-term sealing of the entire sealing system of the insulated glass can be ensured.

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶（TPSS-R）与玻璃和外道密封胶形成交联反应，化学黏接，边部形成了一个弹性整体（图7、图8）。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant (TPSS-R) forms a cross-linking reaction with glass and outer sealant, chemically bonding and forming an elastic whole at the edges (Figure 7, Figure 8).

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶TPSS-R间隔条整体会随腔体内气体热胀冷缩而膨胀和收缩，彻底从源头根除了因中空玻璃呼吸运动而产生的丁基胶内溢现象。

　　The reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant TPSS-R spacer strip will expand and contract as a whole with the thermal expansion and contraction of the gas inside the cavity, completely eliminating the phenomenon of butyl rubber overflow caused by the breathing movement of the insulating glass from the source.

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶（TPSS-R），不存在内溢及撕裂等情况，在化学黏结的作用下，本体以及黏结面不存在漏气通道，中空玻璃的密封性能更强、更持久，产品使用寿命可高达25年以上，高于中空玻璃国家标准规定的至少15年，满足现今对于材料与建筑物同周期的追求，也是目前彻底根除丁基胶防内溢的有效方法。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant (TPSS-R) has no internal overflow or tearing, and under the action of chemical bonding, there is no air leakage channel on the body and bonding surface. The sealing performance of insulated glass is stronger and more durable, and the product service life can reach more than 25 years, which is at least 15 years higher than the national standard for insulated glass. It meets the current pursuit of materials and buildings with the same cycle, and is also an effective method to completely eliminate the internal overflow of butyl rubber.

　　本文由 中空玻璃生产线  友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击  http://www.jncsjx.com/   真诚的态度.为您提供为全面的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is a friendly contribution from the insulating glass production line For more related knowledge, please click http://www.jncsjx.com/ Sincere attitude To provide you with comprehensive services We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone Coming soon.引言近年来，随着房地产市场的深度调整，建筑玻璃深加工企业向家装定制化门窗用玻璃转型。由于家装系统门窗或定制化门窗产品属于个人定制产品，相关配套的产品标准被终端用户所忽略，超标准的零缺陷质量要求越来越高，超越产品属性的要求相对较多，中空玻璃丁基胶内溢也逐渐成为新增的投诉热点。要解决中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的问题，首先要对中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的典型案例进行剖析，了解造成中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的根源，从生产、贮存、运输、安装、使用维护等环节找到解决问题的办法，从而减少或杜绝中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的发生。中空玻璃的密封结构中空玻璃的结构是由两片或多片玻璃、间隔条、干燥剂、丁基热熔密封胶、外道密封胶组合到一体，形成一个完整的中空玻璃结构密封系统。玻璃为主材，间隔条、干燥剂、丁基胶、外道胶为辅材。

　　Introduction: In recent years, with the deep adjustment of the real estate market, architectural glass deep processing enterprises have transformed towards customized glass for home decoration doors and windows. Due to the fact that home decoration system doors and windows or customized door and window products belong to individual customized products, the related supporting product standards are ignored by end users. The zero defect quality requirements beyond the standards are becoming increasingly high, and there are relatively more requirements beyond product attributes. The overflow of butyl rubber in insulated glass has gradually become a new complaint hotspot. To solve the problem of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, it is necessary to first analyze typical cases of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, understand the root causes of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass, and find solutions from production, storage, transportation, installation, use and maintenance to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of butyl rubber overflow in insulating glass. The sealing structure of insulating glass is composed of two or more pieces of glass, spacer strips, desiccants, butyl hot melt sealant, and outer sealant combined into one, forming a complete sealing system for the insulating glass structure. Glass is the main material, with spacer strips, desiccants, butyl rubber, and outer adhesive as auxiliary materials.

　　这些材料在中空玻璃制造应用过程中分别承担着不同的功能作用，间隔条使得两片玻璃之间中空腔体厚度保持一致性；干燥剂吸附着中空玻璃日常应用过程中渗入腔体内的湿气，确保腔体内的空气长期干燥；丁基热熔密封胶是中空玻璃密封最佳的第一道密封胶，水蒸气透过率[g（/m2·d）]≤0.8，因此，丁基热熔密封胶在中空玻璃密封结构中起到密封作用；外道密封胶，俗称二道胶，其主要功能是中空玻璃的结构固定胶，协助第一道密封胶阻挡水气渗入。但由于自身分子结构的不同，产品层次不同，二道密封胶水蒸气透过率[g（/ m2·d）]在3～25之间，第二道胶在中空玻璃服役运行过程中起到密封结构的固定作用。

　　These materials play different functional roles in the manufacturing and application of insulating glass, and the spacer strip ensures consistency in the thickness of the hollow cavity between the two glass sheets; Desiccant absorbs moisture that seeps into the cavity of insulated glass during daily use, ensuring that the air inside the cavity remains dry for a long time; Butyl hot melt sealant is the best first sealant for sealing insulating glass, with a water vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] ≤ 0.8. Therefore, butyl hot melt sealant plays a sealing role in the sealing structure of insulating glass; External sealant, commonly known as secondary sealant, is mainly used as a structural fixing adhesive for insulated glass, assisting the first sealant in blocking the infiltration of moisture. However, due to the different molecular structures and product levels, the vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] of the second sealing adhesive is between 3 and 25. The second adhesive plays a role in fixing the sealing structure during the service and operation of the insulating glass.

　　热熔丁基密封胶热熔丁基密封胶是以聚异丁烯、丁基橡胶配以少量的辅料，经过高温、捏合、真空搅拌而制成。丁基胶在中空玻璃的主要起到密封的作用，具有阻挡水汽渗透、惰性气体泄漏的能力（年水汽渗透率：0.5～1g），在密封胶当中是一款密封性能良好的产品。中空玻璃使用过程中其形体不允许固定，在中空玻璃有效使用期内丁基胶必须具备因环境温度、气压、风荷载变化时中空玻璃热胀冷缩呼吸运动的拉伸和回弹，确保中空玻璃腔体的连续不间断密封。因此，根据要求它必须具有永久塑性和优良的耐候性。热熔丁基密封胶内溢典型案例近年来，随着新建公共建筑的大面积缩水，既有建筑改造定制门窗、系统门窗的应用逐渐增多，系统门窗、定制化门窗对中空玻璃的外观质量也要求越来越高，甚至超标准的零缺陷质量要求。定制门窗用玻璃产品的标准不被引用，玻璃板面无限增大，中空腔体大到30mm以上，丁基胶用量减少到3g/延米双边，忽略了腔体厚度的节能效果和密封性能，一味地追求外观质量，造成以减少丁基胶用量来避免丁基胶内溢的不良现象。内溢原因分析及改善建议

　　Hot melt butyl sealant is made by mixing polyisobutene and butyl rubber with a small amount of auxiliary materials, and then subjecting them to high temperature, kneading, and vacuum stirring. Butyl rubber mainly plays a sealing role in insulating glass, with the ability to block water vapor penetration and inert gas leakage (annual water vapor permeability: 0.5-1g). It is a product with good sealing performance among sealants. During the use of insulated glass, its shape is not allowed to be fixed. During the effective use period of insulated glass, butyl rubber must have the ability to stretch and rebound due to changes in environmental temperature, air pressure, and wind load, ensuring continuous and uninterrupted sealing of the insulated glass cavity. Therefore, according to the requirements, it must have permanent plasticity and excellent weather resistance. In recent years, with the large-scale shrinkage of newly built public buildings, the application of customized doors and windows and system doors and windows for building renovation has gradually increased. The appearance quality of insulated glass for system doors and windows and customized doors and windows is also increasingly required, even exceeding the standard zero defect quality requirement. The standard for customized glass products for doors and windows is not referenced. The glass surface is infinitely enlarged, and the hollow cavity is larger than 30mm. The amount of butyl rubber used is reduced to 3g/linear meter on both sides, ignoring the energy-saving effect and sealing performance of the cavity thickness. The blind pursuit of appearance quality results in reducing the amount of butyl rubber used to avoid the adverse phenomenon of butyl rubber overflow. Analysis of the causes of internal overflow and improvement suggestions

　　客户要求因素分析按照中空玻璃的应用属性，丁基胶板压后要适当留白，＜1mm，确保中空玻璃丁基胶有一定的伸缩移动空间。而家装市场外观质量要求必须是压满铝条不允许留白，不留任何丁基胶伸缩移变空间，所以中空玻璃上墙后会随温度、气压、风荷载的变化而做呼吸运动，造成丁基胶形体超出间隔条不受控制而产生内溢（图2）。

　　Customer requirement factor analysis: According to the application properties of insulating glass, the butyl rubber plate should be appropriately left blank after compression, less than 1mm, to ensure that the butyl rubber of the insulating glass has a certain degree of expansion and movement space. The appearance quality requirements of the home decoration market must be that the aluminum strip is fully pressed without leaving any blank space, and there is no room for expansion or displacement of the butyl rubber. Therefore, after the insulating glass is installed on the wall, it will undergo breathing motion with changes in temperature, air pressure, and wind load, causing the butyl rubber to exceed the spacing strip and overflow uncontrollably (Figure 2).

　　生产因素分析依照国标《中空玻璃》（GB/T 11944-2012）标准要求，玻璃生产厂家主要是围绕中空玻璃的密封性能进行质量控制。同时，通过丁基胶用量偏大，涂布偏上，角部折弯处用胶量偏多来避免中空玻璃铝条不露白，忽略了后期贮存、包装、运输、安装、中空玻璃呼吸运动，造成的中空玻璃丁基胶内溢问题发生（图2、图3）。改善建议：

　　Production factor analysis: According to the requirements of the national standard "Hollow Glass" (GB/T 11944-2012), glass manufacturers mainly focus on quality control of the sealing performance of hollow glass. At the same time, by using too much butyl rubber, coating too high, and using too much glue at the corners and bends, the aluminum strip of the insulated glass is not exposed, ignoring the later storage, packaging, transportation, installation, and breathing movement of the insulated glass, which causes the problem of butyl rubber overflow in the insulated glass (Figure 2, Figure 3). Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）接单时要依据中空玻璃标准同客户进行沟通，避免发生问题后产生投诉。

　　(1) When accepting orders, it is necessary to communicate with customers according to the standard of insulated glass to avoid complaints after problems occur.

　　（2）间隔条一般肩宽4.2～4.5mm，生产时丁基胶涂布宽度3～3.5mm，板压后丁基胶宽度应控制在4mm以内，腔体厚度要在标准范围之内（例如：12A中空层，铝条厚度是11.5mm，涂布丁基胶板压后中空层厚度应为12mm），适当留白＜0.5～1mm，避免后期中空玻璃使用期间发生丁基胶内溢。

　　(2) The shoulder width of the spacer strip is generally 4.2-4.5mm. During production, the width of the butyl rubber coating is 3-3.5mm. After the board is pressed, the width of the butyl rubber should be controlled within 4mm, and the thickness of the cavity should be within the standard range (for example: 12A hollow layer, the thickness of the aluminum strip is 11.5mm, and the thickness of the hollow layer after the butyl rubber coating is pressed should be 12mm). Leave appropriate blank space<0.5-1mm to avoid internal overflow of the butyl rubber during the later use of the insulated glass.

　　（3）丁基胶涂布应均匀连续，角部接口处要将胶头胶尾依据直边厚度搭接连续完整，多余的丁基胶捏于折弯压扁的铝条背部，避免角部捏胶不连续造成中空玻璃密封失效，或角部丁基胶偏厚造成丁基胶内溢。

　　(3) The application of butyl rubber should be uniform and continuous. At the corner interface, the rubber head and tail should be overlapped continuously and completely according to the thickness of the straight edge. The excess butyl rubber should be pinched on the back of the bent and flattened aluminum strip to avoid the failure of the hollow glass seal caused by discontinuous pinching at the corner, or the overflow of butyl rubber caused by excessive thickness at the corner.

　　贮存、包装、运输因素分析贮存：成品后的中空玻璃外道胶尚未固化，落架大片压小片、玻璃堆架不是90度等因素都会造成丁基胶局部内溢或中空玻璃错片。包装：外道胶未固化之前打包带过紧长期挤压，木箱包装大压小、垫片不均匀或垫片只垫在边部、角部，均会造成丁基胶局部内溢（图3）。运输：玻璃运输过程中，为了避免道路颠簸或急刹车造成玻璃架移动的现象发生，往往固定绳过紧或固定绳单点压玻璃也会造成丁基胶局部内溢。改善建议：

　　Analysis of Storage, Packaging, and Transportation Factors Storage: The outer layer adhesive of the finished insulated glass has not yet cured, and factors such as large pieces falling off the shelf and pressing small pieces, and glass stacking not at a 90 degree angle can cause local overflow of butyl rubber or misalignment of the insulated glass. Packaging: Before the outer layer of adhesive is cured, if the packaging tape is too tight and compressed for a long time, or if the wooden box packaging is compressed too much, the gasket is uneven, or the gasket is only placed at the edges and corners, it will cause local internal overflow of butyl rubber (Figure 3). Transportation: During the transportation of glass, in order to avoid the phenomenon of glass frame movement caused by road bumps or sudden braking, the fixing rope is often too tight or the fixing rope presses the glass at a single point, which can also cause local overflow of butyl rubber. Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）中空玻璃外道胶未固化之前落架应采取先大后小的顺序落架堆放，避免大压小单点受力造成局部丁基胶内溢；玻璃堆架一定要玻璃上下均匀受力堆放在夹角90°的标准铁架上，避免因角度不符使一片玻璃腾空造成玻璃错片产生的丁基胶移位内溢。

　　(1) Before the outer layer of insulating glass adhesive is cured, it should be placed on the frame in the order of large to small to avoid local overflow of butyl adhesive caused by single point stress under high pressure; The glass stack must be evenly loaded on a standard iron frame with an angle of 90 °, to avoid displacement and overflow of butyl rubber caused by glass misalignment due to the misalignment of a piece of glass.

　　（2）外道胶未固化之前不能打包带过紧或进行木箱包装，待外道胶彻底固化后方可进行木箱包装，包装顺序均要是先大后小的方式进行；铁架发货的玻璃，尽量在装车前打包，打包带要避免单点受力，有条件的话可定制三角木板架打包，避免因打包带过紧单点局部受力造成丁基胶局部内溢。

　　(2) Before the outer layer of glue is cured, it cannot be packed tightly or packed in wooden boxes. Wooden box packaging can only be carried out after the outer layer of glue is completely cured, and the packaging order should be from large to small; Glass shipped from iron frames should be packed as much as possible before loading, and the packing tape should avoid single point stress. If possible, a triangular wooden frame can be customized for packing to avoid local overflow of butyl rubber caused by tight packing tape and single point local stress.

　　（3）运输时尽量避免固定绳挤压玻璃，当遇到大玻璃运输固定绳压玻璃时一定要采用长度不小于300mm的三角木板架或三角钢板架衬垫然后再拉紧固定绳；玻璃运到目的地后如果长时间不安装，尽量把打包带拆开或放松，避免长时间打包带局部挤压造成丁基胶内溢。

　　(3) During transportation, try to avoid using fixed ropes to compress the glass. When encountering large glass transportation where the fixed ropes compress the glass, be sure to use triangular wooden or steel plate frames with a length of not less than 300mm to cushion and then tighten the fixed ropes; If the glass is not installed for a long time after being transported to the destination, try to open or loosen the packing tape as much as possible to avoid the overflow of butyl rubber caused by local compression of the packing tape for a long time.

　　安装因素分析隐框幕墙安装时，压块过紧，易造成中空玻璃在使用过程中丁基胶局部内溢和玻璃影像变形。门窗玻璃安装时，不能为了防止玻璃颤动，一味地强力夹紧玻璃，不预留物体热胀空间，导致后期因受热膨胀，丁基胶被挤压变形而内溢。改善建议：

　　Analysis of installation factors: When installing hidden frame curtain walls, if the pressure block is too tight, it can easily cause local overflow of butyl rubber and deformation of glass images during the use of insulated glass. When installing door and window glass, it is not advisable to forcefully clamp the glass without reserving space for thermal expansion in order to prevent glass vibration. This may cause the butyl rubber to be squeezed and deformed due to thermal expansion in the later stage, resulting in internal overflow. Improvement suggestions:

　　（1）安装时，注意玻璃压块、窗框扣条、密封胶条的松紧度适中。

　　(1) During installation, pay attention to the moderate tightness of glass pressure blocks, window frame fasteners, and sealing strips.

　　（2）玻璃的板面大小、厚度要通过强度、挠度进行专业计算，按照安全玻璃的设计规范设计和生产，避免因玻璃板面过大、厚度偏薄而引起的中空影像变形或玻璃颤动。

　　(2) The size and thickness of the glass surface should be professionally calculated based on strength and deflection, and designed and produced according to the design specifications of safety glass to avoid hollow image deformation or glass vibration caused by the glass surface being too large or too thin.

　　气候、海拔高度因素分析

　　Analysis of Climate and Altitude Factors

　　（1）气候温度因素分析中空玻璃在日常使用过程中，由于受环境温度变化的影响，会出现热胀冷缩呼吸运动。在密闭的中空腔内气体在气体分子数量不变的情况下，每一个气体分子的体积会随着温度的变化产生膨胀或收缩。当使用时的温度高于生产时的温度时，中空玻璃会产生膨胀，低于生产时的温度时中空玻璃会产生收缩，在气体膨胀或收缩时，玻璃片会产生向外或向内的挠曲变形。用于内道密封的丁基胶属于永久塑性的柔性材料，而硬质间隔条属于刚性材料。当中空玻璃不断挠曲变形挤压的作用下，丁基胶则会向腔体内侧蠕动并产生剥离或内溢（图5）。

　　(1) Analysis of Climate and Temperature Factors: During daily use, insulated glass may experience thermal expansion, contraction, and breathing movements due to the influence of environmental temperature changes. In a closed hollow chamber, the volume of each gas molecule will expand or contract with temperature changes, while the number of gas molecules remains constant. When the temperature during use is higher than that during production, the insulating glass will expand, and when the temperature is lower than that during production, the insulating glass will shrink. During gas expansion or contraction, the glass sheet will undergo outward or inward bending deformation. The butyl rubber used for internal sealing is a permanent plastic flexible material, while the hard spacer strip is a rigid material. Under the continuous bending, deformation, and compression of the insulating glass, the butyl rubber will creep towards the inside of the cavity and peel off or overflow (Figure 5).

　　（2）风荷载因素分析以尺寸为1.5m×2.4m，厚度为8mm+12A+8mm的钢化中空玻璃为例，在50m标高风荷载作用下，玻璃挠度计算值为7.47mm，玻璃的形变明显，对丁基胶产生挤压作用，变形越大作用力越大，丁基胶内溢越明显。

　　(2) The analysis of wind load factors takes tempered insulating glass with a size of 1.5m × 2.4m and a thickness of 8mm+12A+8mm as an example. Under the action of wind load at an elevation of 50m, the calculated deflection of the glass is 7.47mm. The deformation of the glass is obvious, which exerts a squeezing effect on the butyl rubber. The larger the deformation, the greater the force, and the more obvious the overflow of the butyl rubber.

　　（3）海拔高度因素分析中空玻璃的生产地与使用地存在海拔差异，大气压力发生变化，中空腔内外气压差造成中空玻璃腔体膨胀或收缩，亦会导致丁基胶内溢（图5）。综上所述，造成丁基胶内溢原因较多，生产、储存、运输、安装中均要特别注意。除可控因素外，中空玻璃丁基胶由于固有的永久塑性，按照中空玻璃密封结构要求，丁基胶要具备永久塑性，其形体是不允许固定的，它必须要具备随着中空玻璃的呼吸运动能拉伸和回弹，确保中空玻璃密封系统永久保持稳定。如果中空玻璃生产时控制不好丁基胶用量或板压后不适当留白、中空层腔体厚度不标准，包装、运输、安装挤压过紧，中空玻璃使用过程中在高温、高压作用下，均会随着玻璃的运动产生丁基胶向中空层腔体内蠕动，导致中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的现象发生。解决中空玻璃丁基胶内溢的方案丁基胶内溢问题，虽属于正常现象，但也是行业痛点及投诉焦点。各原材料厂家和科研机构，为了满足客户不断对高质量产品的要求，一直致力于研发新的防内溢结构丁基胶和复合材料产品。

　　(3) Analysis of altitude factors: There is a difference in altitude between the production and use areas of insulated glass, and atmospheric pressure changes. The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hollow cavity causes expansion or contraction of the insulated glass cavity, which can also lead to overflow of butyl rubber (Figure 5). In summary, there are many reasons for the overflow of butyl rubber, and special attention should be paid to production, storage, transportation, and installation. In addition to controllable factors, due to its inherent permanent plasticity, butyl rubber for insulating glass must have permanent plasticity according to the requirements of the sealing structure of insulating glass. Its shape is not allowed to be fixed, and it must have the ability to stretch and rebound with the breathing movement of the insulating glass to ensure that the sealing system of the insulating glass remains stable permanently. If the amount of butyl rubber used in the production of insulated glass is not controlled properly or the blank space is not properly left after board pressing, the thickness of the hollow layer cavity is not standardized, and the packaging, transportation, and installation are compressed too tightly, during the use of insulated glass under high temperature and high pressure, butyl rubber will creep into the hollow layer cavity with the movement of the glass, resulting in the phenomenon of butyl rubber overflowing inside the insulated glass. The solution to the problem of butyl rubber overflow in insulated glass is a normal phenomenon, but it is also a pain point and complaint focus in the industry. Various raw material manufacturers and research institutions have been committed to developing new anti overflow structural butyl rubber and composite material products to meet customers' continuous demands for high-quality products.

　　丁基胶内溢与丁基胶永久塑性相关，所以只有改变传统丁基胶+刚性间隔条的密封方式，才能从源头上解决丁基胶内溢的问题。热塑性间隔密封胶（Thermo Plastic Spacing Sealant），简称TPSS，是以多种聚合物为基材，含有干燥剂等材料制成的，经加热挤出涂覆成型，具有间隔支撑、干燥、化学交联等功能。玻璃通过清洗→涂覆成型→充气合片→板压→注胶等工序即可完成整个中空玻璃的成品生产。间隔条宽窄可随机自动调整，生产异形、挖缺、点玻均可自动化生产，无需人员参与，大大降低了人为出错的几率，产品质量一致性非常稳定。它替代了普通中空玻璃的丁基胶+刚性间隔条+分子筛（图6）。

　　The overflow of butyl rubber is related to the permanent plasticity of butyl rubber, so only by changing the traditional sealing method of butyl rubber+rigid spacer strip can the problem of butyl rubber overflow be solved from the source. Thermo Plastic Spacing Sealant, abbreviated as TPSS, is made of various polymers as substrates, containing desiccants and other materials. It is formed by heating, extrusion coating, and has functions such as spacing support, drying, and chemical cross-linking. The production of the entire insulated glass product can be completed through processes such as cleaning, coating and forming, inflating and laminating, plate pressing, and glue injection. The width of the spacing strip can be randomly and automatically adjusted, and the production of irregular shapes, defects, and point glass can be automated without the need for personnel participation, greatly reducing the probability of human errors and ensuring stable product quality consistency. It replaces the butyl rubber+rigid spacer strip+molecular sieve of ordinary insulating glass (Figure 6).

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶TPSS-R是间隔支撑、干燥、密封融为一体的新型中空材料，具有硬质间隔条的支撑功能，还具有干燥剂的水分吸附能力，水蒸气透过率[g（/m2·d）]≤0.5。同时，它还具有化学交联功能，能够与玻璃、外道胶产生三面化学交联，形成一个相对稳定的中空玻璃结构密封系统，阻挡腔体内氩气泄漏和外部水气渗入。选用合适兼容、交联的外道胶，就能够确保中空玻璃整个密封系统的长效密封。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant TPSS-R is a new type of hollow material that integrates spacer support, drying, and sealing. It has the support function of hard spacer strips and the moisture adsorption ability of desiccants. The water vapor transmission rate [g (/m2 · d)] is ≤ 0.5. At the same time, it also has chemical cross-linking function, which can produce three sided chemical cross-linking with glass and outer adhesive, forming a relatively stable hollow glass structure sealing system, blocking the leakage of argon gas inside the cavity and the infiltration of external water vapor. By selecting a suitable compatible and cross-linked outer layer adhesive, the long-term sealing of the entire sealing system of the insulated glass can be ensured.

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶（TPSS-R）与玻璃和外道密封胶形成交联反应，化学黏接，边部形成了一个弹性整体（图7、图8）。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant (TPSS-R) forms a cross-linking reaction with glass and outer sealant, chemically bonding and forming an elastic whole at the edges (Figure 7, Figure 8).

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶TPSS-R间隔条整体会随腔体内气体热胀冷缩而膨胀和收缩，彻底从源头根除了因中空玻璃呼吸运动而产生的丁基胶内溢现象。

　　The reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant TPSS-R spacer strip will expand and contract as a whole with the thermal expansion and contraction of the gas inside the cavity, completely eliminating the phenomenon of butyl rubber overflow caused by the breathing movement of the insulating glass from the source.

　　反应型热塑间隔密封胶（TPSS-R），不存在内溢及撕裂等情况，在化学黏结的作用下，本体以及黏结面不存在漏气通道，中空玻璃的密封性能更强、更持久，产品使用寿命可高达25年以上，高于中空玻璃国家标准规定的至少15年，满足现今对于材料与建筑物同周期的追求，也是目前彻底根除丁基胶防内溢的有效方法。

　　Reactive thermoplastic spacer sealant (TPSS-R) has no internal overflow or tearing, and under the action of chemical bonding, there is no air leakage channel on the body and bonding surface. The sealing performance of insulated glass is stronger and more durable, and the product service life can reach more than 25 years, which is at least 15 years higher than the national standard for insulated glass. It meets the current pursuit of materials and buildings with the same cycle, and is also an effective method to completely eliminate the internal overflow of butyl rubber.

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